新疆西天山高硫化型京希-伊尔曼德金矿床的识别标志及其找矿意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

肖龙  王方正  张桂林  付民禄  Begg Graham  Hayward Nick 《地质科技情报》2002,21(3):74-78

经过详细的野外地质勘查、热液蚀变及蚀变矿物学研究，流体包裹体和同位素研究，首次将西天山京希－伊尔曼德金矿床确定为高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床。该矿床的主要识别标志为：发育以多孔状石英为特征的硅化蚀变带和高级泥化蚀变带；成矿流体性质为低盐度[W(NaCl)为0.3-4.2%]、低pH值（3－4）和高氧化态；氧同位素δ（^18O)为1.7 ‰-4.3‰,δ(D)为－60‰--80‰。金主要富集在高级泥化带和中心硅化蚀变带内。系统研究和总结了成矿地质－地球化学制约因素以及区域、靶区和勘探区尺度的找矿标志。  相似文献   

Particle recycling in volcanic plumes     

Graham Veitch  Andrew W. Woods 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2002,64(1):31-39

We have developed a new theoretical model of an eruption column that accounts for the re-entrainment of particles as they fall out of the laterally spreading umbrella cloud. The model illustrates how the mass flux of particles in the plume may increase with height in the plume, by a factor as large as 2.5 because of this recycling. Three important consequences are that (1) the critical velocity required to generate a buoyant eruption column for a given mass flux increases, (2) the total height of rise of the column may decrease, and (3) we infer that in relatively wind-free environments, for eruption columns near the conditions for collapse, the recycling of particles may lead to an unsteady oscillating motion of the plume, which, in time, may lead to the formation of interleaved fall and flow deposits.  相似文献   

A reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on molecular fossils from the 2.78 to 2.45 billion-year-old Mount Bruce Supergroup, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia     

Jochen J Brocks  Roger Buick  Graham A Logan 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(22):4321-4335

Bitumens extracted from 2.7 to 2.5 billion-year-old (Ga) shales of the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, contain traces of molecular fossils. Based on a combination of molecular characteristics typical of many Precambrian bitumens, their consistently and unusually high thermal maturities, and their widespread distribution throughout the Hamersley Basin, the bitumens can be characterized as ‘probably of Archean age’. Accepting this interpretation, the biomarkers open a new window on Archean biodiversity. The presence of hopanes in the Archean rocks confirms the antiquity of the domain Bacteria, and high relative concentrations of 2α-methylhopanes indicate that cyanobacteria were important primary producers. Oxygenic photosynthesis therefore evolved > 2.7 Ga ago, and well before independent evidence suggests significant levels of oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. Moreover, the abundance of cyanobacterial biomarkers in shales interbedded with oxide-facies banded iron formations (BIF) indicates that although some Archean BIF might have been formed by abiotic photochemical processes or anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, those in the Hamersley Group formed as a direct consequence of biological oxygen production. Biomarkers of the 3β-methylhopane series suggest that microaerophilic heterotrophic bacteria, probably methanotrophs or methylotrophs, were active in late Archean environments. The presence of steranes in a wide range of structures with relative abundances like those from late Paleoproterozoic to Phanerozoic sediments is convincing evidence for the existence of eukaryotes in the late Archean, 900 Ma before visible fossil evidence indicates that the lineage arose. Sterol biosynthesis in extant eukaryotes requires molecular oxygen. The presence of steranes together with biomarkers of oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacteria suggests that the concentration of dissolved oxygen in some regions of the upper water column was equivalent to at least ∼1% of the present atmospheric level (PAL) and may have been sufficient to support aerobic respiration.  相似文献   

Atmospheric deposition of Be and Be in New Zealand rain (1996-98)     

Ian Graham  Robert Ditchburn 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(3):361-373

Beryllium isotope concentrations were determined in monthly rainfall collections at three sites across New Zealand (36 to 45° S), from October 1996 to November 1998. At the northern sites of Leigh (near Auckland) and Gracefield (near Wellington), ⁷Be and ¹⁰Be concentrations are relatively constant at 1.2 to 1.4 × 10⁷ atoms kg⁻¹ rain and 2.1 to 2.6 × 10⁷ atoms kg⁻¹ rain, respectively. These concentrations correspond to annual flux rates of ∼15 and ∼27 × 10⁹ atoms m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. At the southern site of Dunedin, concentrations are similar to those at the northern sites, but flux rates are significantly lower at ∼ 9 and ∼19 × 10⁹ atoms m⁻² y⁻¹, respectively, because of lower average rainfall east of the Southern Alps mountain range. These results are broadly similar to those reported by Brown et al. (1989) and Knies et al. (1994) for rain from midlatitude sites in the USA sampled from 1986 to 1994. Mean ⁷Be/¹⁰Be ratios for New Zealand (0.47 to 0.61) are, however, significantly lower than for the USA (0.69 to 0.78), due in part to the addition of ¹⁰Be from re-suspended dust. Subtraction of the dust component increases the New Zealand ⁷Be/¹⁰Be ratios to 0.70 (Leigh), 0.65 (Gracefield) and 0.50 (Dunedin). The adjusted results provide evidence for transfer of older stratospheric air to the troposphere in late-spring-summer, an effect which is strongest in the north. The overall reduction of ⁷Be/¹⁰Be from north to south implies an increase in residence time from ∼ 80 to ∼100 d for Be isotopes in the atmosphere above New Zealand.  相似文献   

Secondary ferrimagnetic minerals in Welsh soils: a comparison of mineral magnetic detection methods and implications for mineral formation   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

J. A. Dearing  P. M. Bird  R. J. L. Dann  S. F. Benjamin 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,130(3):727-736

A study of mineral magnetic parameters was carried out on a Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary sequence (of nearly 18 m) from Lake Bledowo (central Poland). Sediments of Lake Bledowo have already been analysed for bulk sediment mineralogy and biogenic materials. The mineral magnetic stratigraphy confirms the major changes in palaeo-environmental conditions that have been deduced from other methods. The most important mineral magnetic change results from the authigenetic formation of ferrimagnetic greigite, Fe₃S₄, during the beginning of lacustrine conditions (± 12 000 yr BP). Our data also indicate a detrital origin of overlying ferrimagnetic iron oxides. It is suggested that they originate from brown soils developed on the boulder clay constituting the west side of the lake shore. Variations of ferrimagnetic iron oxide size are related to the early diagenetic processes in the sediment. Larger particles are present in periods with early diagenesis of organic matter in anoxic conditions. This indicates the dissolution of fine magnetic particles by iron-oxide-reducing bacteria and results in homogeneous magnetic grain sizes, despite their origin from soils, characterized by a multimodal grain-size distribution.  相似文献   

Fingerprinting the Origin of Fluvial Suspended Sediment in Larger River Basins: Combining Assessment of Spatial Provenance and Source Type   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Adrian L. Collins  Desmond E. Walling  & Graham J.L. Leeks 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(4):239-254

Investigation of the potential for using sediment fingerprinting to integrate both spatial provenance and source type information for larger drainage basins appears to be desirable. This contribution presents the results of adopting a composite fingerprinting procedure incorporating statistically verified multicomponent signatures and a multivariate mixing model to provide a preliminary integration of spatial provenance and source type information for the upper and middle reaches of the drainage basins of the Rivers Exe (601 km²) and Severn (4325 km²), UK. A nested approach is employed, whereby spatial provenance is addressed in terms of the distinct sub-basin zones constituting each study area as an entirety, and source type is then characterised within each of these distinct spatial zones in terms of surface (woodland, pasture, cultivated) and subsurface (channel bank) materials. The results demonstrate that the fingerprinting approach possesses considerable potential for integrating spatial provenance and source type information, and hence for improving the resolution of existing sediment source information for larger drainage basins.  相似文献   

Ion microprobe analysis of oxygen isotope ratios in quartz from Skye granite: healed micro-cracks,fluid flow,and hydrothermal exchange   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J. W. Valley  Colin M. Graham 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(3-4):225-234

 Quartz grains in hydrothermally altered granites from the Isle of Skye are highly heterogeneous and not equilibrated in oxygen isotope ratio at the 20 μm scale. Ion microprobe analysis of one grain shows a gradient of 13‰ over 400 μm and a greater range in δ ¹⁸O than all quartz previously analyzed on the Isle of Skye. Other crystals from the same outcrop are homogeneous. Digitized cathodoluminescence images reveal patterns of magmatic zoning and brittle fracturing not otherwise detectable. The ion probe analysis correlates low δ ¹⁸O values on a micro-scale to one set of healed cracks. Thus, quartz exchanges oxygen isotopes primarily by solution and reprecipitation along fractures, in contrast to more reactive feldspar that appears to exchange from the grain boundary inward. Macroscopic models of isotope exchange are not realistic for these rocks; the flow of hydrothermal fluids was heterogeneous, anisotropic and crack controlled. Received: 23 October 1995/Accepted: 9 April 1996  相似文献   

Melting of albite and dehydration of brucite in H2O–NaCl fluids to 9 kbars and 700–900°C: implications for partial melting and water activities during high pressure metamorphism     

Kirill I. Shmulovich  C. M. Graham 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1996,124(3-4):370-382

 The melting reaction: albite_(solid)+ H₂O_(fluid) =albite-H₂O_(melt) has been determined in the presence of H₂O–NaCl fluids at 5 and 9.2 kbar, and results compared with those obtained in presence of H₂O–CO₂ fluids. To a good approximation, albite melts congruently at 9 kbar, indicating that the melting temperature at constant pressure is principally determined by water activity. At 5 kbar, the temperature (T)- mole fraction (X _(H2O) ) melting relations in the two systems are almost coincident. By contrast, H₂O–NaCl mixing at 9 kbar is quite non-ideal; albite melts ∼70 ^°C higher in H₂O–NaCl brines than in H₂O–CO₂ fluids for X _(H2O) =0.8 and ∼100 ^°C higher for X _(H2O) =0.5. The melting temperature of albite in H₂O–NaCl fluids of X _(H2O)=0.8 is ∼100 ^°C higher than in pure water. The P–T curves for albite melting at constant H₂O–NaCl show a temperature minimum at about 5 kbar. Water activities in H₂O–NaCl fluids calculated from these results, from new experimental data on the dehydration of brucite in presence of H₂O–NaCl fluid at 9 kbar, and from previously published experimental data, indicate a large decrease with increasing fluid pressure at pressures up to 10 kbar. Aqueous brines with dissolved chloride salt contents comparable to those of real crustal fluids provide a mechanism for reducing water activities, buffering and limiting crustal melting, and generating anhydrous mineral assemblages during deep crustal metamorphism in the granulite facies and in subduction-related metamorphism. Low water activity in high pressure-temperature metamorphic mineral assemblages is not necessarily a criterion of fluid absence or melting, but may be due to the presence of low a _(H2O) brines. Received: 17 March 1995/Accepted: 9 April 1996  相似文献   

Effects of temperature on strength and compressibility of sand-bentonite buffer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B.E. Lingnau  J. Graham  D. Yarechewski  N. Tanaka  M.N. Gray 《Engineering Geology》1996,41(1-4):103-115

Dense sand-bentonite buffer (γ_d = 1.67Mg/m³) has been proposed in Canada as one of several barriers for isolating nuclear fuel waste. The buffer will be required to function under conditions of high total pressures and elevated temperatures approaching 100°C. Summary results are presented from two test programs: (1) isothermal consolidated undrained triaxial (CIU¯) tests; and (2) isothermal drained constant-p′ (CID) triaxial tests. Specimens were consolidated at effective stresses up to 9.0 MPa and temperatures up to 100°C.

The results indicate parallel hardening lines at systematically lower values of specific volume at elevated temperatures. In shear, increased temperatures produced lower values of maximum deviator stressq_f, and higher pore water pressure changesΔu_f. The net result is curved peak strength envelops in plots ofq_f versusp_f′ that are higher at elevated temperatures, even though the strengths,q_f of individual specimens are lower. The critical state strength envelope is curved inq, p′-planes.

The effect of drained heating on buffer to 100°C is not marked. Compressibilities, stiffnesses, strengths, and pore water pressure generation are all affected, but none of the changes are great.  相似文献   

Partitioning of elements between peridotite and H₂O at 2.0–3.0 GPa and 900–1100°C, and application to models of subduction zone processes     

John C. Ayers  Sondra K. Dittmer  Graham D. Layne 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1997,150(3-4):381-398

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